Accelerate the neutrons
Slow down the speed of the neutrons
Increase the number of electrons
Decrease the number of electrons
Nuclear energy is the energy released from the nucleus, or core of an atom, which is composed of protons and neutrons. Nuclear energy is produced in two ways: Nuclear Fission and Fusion.
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fission occurs when a neutron slams into a larger atom, forcing it to excite and split into two smaller atoms, also known as fission products. Further, this sets off a chain reaction when additional neutrons are released. Also, when an atom splits, it releases a tremendous amount of energy.
- Since Uranium and Plutonium are easy to initiate and control, they are the most commonly used as fission fuels in nuclear power reactors.
- The fission energy released in these reactors heats water into steam which generates carbon-free electricity by using steam to spin a turbine.
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion happens when two atoms collide to form a heavier atom, similar to how two hydrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom. This is the same process that powers the sun and generates enormous amounts of energy—many times greater than fission.
Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear reactors are fundamentally large kettles that heat water to generate massive amounts of low-carbon electricity. They are available in a variety of sizes and shapes and can be powered by a variety of different fuels.
- A nuclear reactor generates and regulates the release of energy by splitting the atoms of specific elements.
- The energy released in a nuclear power reactor is used to generate steam, which is then used to generate electricity.
Components of Nuclear Reactor
- Fuel: The fuel used in a nuclear power plant contains fissile atoms whose energy is extracted by fission. Uranium-235 is the most common fuel.
- Control Rods: In a nuclear reactor, the chain reaction is constantly managed by means of control rods which are made from a material capable of absorbing neutrons. They can be dropped or pulled to maintain or increase the fission rate.
- Moderator: Its role is to slow down the neutrons released during the fission reaction which can otherwise be too energetic to efficiently provoke other fission reactions.
- Coolant: The heat released during fission must be transferred from the reactor core to the turbine and alternator. This role is guaranteed by the coolant, the fluid used to remove the heat generated by the nuclear fuel.
- Steam Generator: These are large heat exchangers for transferring heat from one fluid to another, here from a high-pressure primary circuit in pressurised water reactors (PWR & PHWR) to a secondary circuit where water turns to steam.
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