A pioneer of the philosophy of history.
A well documented tale of his trial
A minor footnote in his writings
None of these given options
- Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis in 1332 C.E. In his autobiography, known as Al-ta ‘rif bi Ibn Khaldun, he explains that his ancestors served in administrative and political posts under three dynasties in Seville, Spain, from the ninth to the 13th century C.E.
- Ibn Khaldun’s family then moved to North Africa in 1248, where his father worked as an administrator and soldier in Tunisia until he decided to devote his life to studying theology. Ibn Khaldun received a formal education, during which time he memorized the Qur’an, gained experience writing verses, and learned about Arabic literature, Muslim law, mathematics, and philosophy.
- At the age of 20, Ibn Khaldun was assigned a post at the court of Tunisia. Three years later he became a royal secretary to the sultan of Morocco in Fez. Ibn Khaldun found himself in prison two years later under suspicion that he participated in a rebellion. Two years later a new ruler released him and reinstated him to his post
- Ibn Khaldun’s position was short lived, and he left for Granada, Spain, at the age of 32. He found some stability under the patronage of the Sultan of Granada until he had a falling out with the prime minister, Ibn al-Khatib. Ibn Khaldun returned to Africa. During the next ten years he found employment in different administrations across North Africa. His mobility reflected the instability of the age, in which warring dynasties emerged and competed for power across the region following the collapse of the Almohad Empire.
- In 1375 Ibn Khaldun and his family took up residence with the tribe of Awlad ‘Arif in Qal’at ibn Salamah in modern-day Algeria. During the course of the next four years, Ibn Khaldun began writing his masterpiece, the Kitab al-‘Ibar.
- Ibn Khaldun’s most celebrated and impactful work is the Kitab al-‘Ibar (Book of Examples), which provides a definitive history of Arabs and Berbers in Northern Africa. Ibn Khaldun, however, also discussed the history of other Muslim lands and non-Muslim societies—making the Kitab al-‘Ibar one of the first world histories written by an Islamic scholar.
- However, the most impactful part of the Kitab al-‘Ibar is its introductory book, or the Muqaddimah. In the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun describes a new philosophy of history, arguing that history requires more than the recording of historical events. Khaldun argued that historians need to critically investigate how natural, social, economic, and political environments impact the rise and collapse of civilizations over time.
- He sailed to Cairo, Egypt in 1382. Soon after his arrival, he received a professorship at the Quamhiyyah college and was named chief judge of the Maliki rite (one of the four major religious schools of Sunni Islam law). Ibn Khaldun continued his studies and frequently traveled during the remainder of his life. He died in Cairo in 1406.
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