Afghanistan
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
The historic town of Samarkand, located in a large oasis in the valley of the Zerafshan River, in the north-eastern region of Uzbekistan, is considered the crossroads of world cultures with a history of over two and a half millennia. Founded in the 7th century B.C. as ancient Afrasiab, Samarkand had its most significant development in the Timurid period from the 14th to the 15th centuries. The major monuments include the Registan Mosque and madrasas, Bibi-Khanum Mosque, the Shakhi-Zinda compound and the Gur-Emir ensemble, as well as Ulugh-Beg’s Observatory.
- Uzbekistan came under Russian control in the 19th Century, and emerged as an independent state when Soviet rule ended in 1991. Under authoritarian President Islam Karimov, who ruled from 1989 until his death in 2016, Uzbekistan was reliant on exports of cotton, gas and gold to maintain its rigid, state-controlled economy. Capital: Tashkent.
- The Trans-Caspian Railway, connecting the Caspian Sea to what is now Uzbekistan, was built in the 19th Century during the Russian Empire’s expansion into Central Asia.
- The Uzbekistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan (UAP) railways project connects the Uzbek rail network with Pakistan Railways. The route for this connection passes through Termiz in Uzbekistan, Mazar-i-Sharif and Logar in Afghanistan, and culminate in Pakistan via the Kharlachi border crossing in Kurram.
- Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aralkum Desert (former Aral Sea) to the north and northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four.
- The 2023 World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championships were held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan from 26 to 30 December 2023. Magnus Carlsen of Norway defended his titles.
- The 14th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS COP14) took place in the historic city of Samarkand, Uzbekistan, from 12 to 17 February 2024.
- The Aral Sea stands at the boundary between Kazakhstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the south. It was once a large saltwater lake of Central Asia and the world’s fourth largest body of inland water.
- Australia and Uzbekistan have been confirmed as the hosts of the 2026 and 2029 editions of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Women’s Asian Cup respectively. Uzbekistan will be the first Central Asian nation to host.
- Russia and Uzbekistan have reached an agreement for the construction of the first nuclear power plant in the Central Asian country. It’s the first such project in post-Soviet Central Asia.
- The historic city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan will host the 43rd session of UNESCO General Assembly (GA) in November 2025, which will be the first time since 1985 that the UNESCO GA has been shifted out of. For the first time in more than 40 years, a key event of the United Nations cultural organization will take place outside of Paris (France). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was born on 16 November 1945. The Organization has more th 50 field offices around the world and its headquarters are located in Paris.
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