Delhi (India)
Lahore (Pakistan)
Karachi (Pakistan)
Washington, DC (USA)
The Indus Waters Treaty was signed on September 19, 1960 after 9 years of negotiations between India (Jawaharlal Nehru the then Indian Prime Minister) and Pakistan (Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, the then President of Pakistan) with the help of the World Bank, which is also a signatory. The Treaty was signed on behalf of the World Bank by W.A.B. Iliff (Vice President of the World Bank) in the unavoidable absence of the President of the Bank, Eugene R. Black, who was convalescing from a illness.
Download the Indus Water Treaty map by clicking here.
- The Treaty allocates the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan and the Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India. At the same time, the Treaty allows each country certain uses on the rivers allocated to the other. India has access to about 20 percent of the total water covered by the treaty, while Pakistan has access to the remaining 80 percent.
- Under the Indus Waters Treaty 1960, “the Commission (comprising Pakistan Commissioner for Indus Waters and Indian Commissioner for Indus Waters) shall meet regularly at least once a year, alternately in India and Pakistan”.
- Wullar Barrage dispute (1985): The first major dispute after this treaty arose in 1985, when Pakistan discovered that India was developing the “Tulbul Navigation Project” barrage on the River Jhelum, below Lake Wullar, located near Sopore, 25 km north of Srinagar.
- Pakistan also asked the World Bank to convene a court of arbitration to opine on India’s plans for a hydroelectric project on the Kishenganga-Neelum (barely metres away from the Line of Control in the disputed Kashmir region), a tributary of the Jhelum River. The Kishanganga River flows through the regions of Neelum in AJK and Astore before entering the India-held region of Gurez.
- Pakistan’s objections to another Indian dam on the river Chenab, the Ratle project (in district Kishtwar of Indian-occupied Kashmir).
- The term of the Treaty was the Transition Period of ten years, from 1st April 1960 (also effective date of this treaty) to 31st May 1970, to construct a replacement for the water supplies from the Western Rivers for those irrigation canals in Pakistan that were previously dependent on the Eastern Rivers.
Indus River System Authority (IRSA), passed by the Parliament and approved by the President of Pakistan on, December 6 1992, is a federal body responsible for regulating, monitoring, and distributing Indus waters among the provinces of Pakistan. Its mandate includes implementing the 1991 Water Apportionment Accord, which governs the allocation of the Indus River System’s water resources between the provinces.
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