Mercury thermometer
Alcohol thermometer
Bimetallic thermometer
Liquid crystal thermometer
Temperature is the measure of the degree or rating of hotness or coldness. The degree of hotness and coldness of the body is known as temperature and is measured with a thermometer in degrees Celsius, degrees Fahrenheit, or Kelvins.
- The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales use degrees to measure temperature. For instance, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius and 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
- The Kelvin scale does not use degrees. It uses the kelvin, abbreviated K, as a unit of measurement. Temperatures in kelvins are never read as degrees kelvin or kelvin degrees. Water boils at 373 kelvins.
- Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was a Polish physicist who invented one of the most familiar types of thermometers, which uses mercury in glass. Fahrenheit also had a temperature scale named after him.
Thermometer is the device to measure temperature when the change of heat occurs. By the use of alcohol or mercury inside the thermometer the purpose is same to measure heat temperature. Working of thermometer is very simple liquid inside it expands as it is heated and contracts, when it is cooled, in this processes the length of the liquid column, is longer or shorter depending on the temperature we are increasing or decreasing.
- Mercury Thermometers:- Mercury is silver in colour and therefore easily seen. Mercury is a metal and therefore conducts heat better. If the thermometer is broken the mercury is poisonous. The mercury expands readily when heated (sensitive to temperature changes). At low temperatures the mercury readily freezes and therefore is not used for measuring low temperatures. Since mercury has a high boiling point it can be used for measuring very high temperatures. These devices cover a wide temperature range from −37 to 356 °C (−35 to 673 °F).
- Alcohol Thermometers:- Alcohol is colourless, a red dye must therefore be added to make it visible. If the thermometer is broken the alcohol is harmless. Alcohol has a very low freezing point and therefore can be used for measuring low temperatures. The boiling point of alcohol is 78℃ therefore an alcohol thermometer is not useful for measuring high temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, the freezing point temperature of alcohol is −115 °C and its boiling point temperature is 78.5 °C. Hence, alcohol thermometers are used to measure temperatures from − 115 °C to 78.5 °C.
- Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers:- These type of thermometers are used on the expansion of a liquid when heated. The liquid reservoir is contained in a thin walled glass bulb. The walls of the glass bulb should be thin. If it is too thick, then the thermometer will not respond to changes in temperature. If the wall of the bulb is too thin, then the bulb will break readily. The amount of liquid in the reservoir should be a small amount since it will be warmed up readily. A large reservoir therefore reduces the sensitivity of temperature changes. The fine tube within the glass stem must be uniformed to give an even expansion of the liquid. The finer the tube the more sensitive is the thermometer. Since with this fine tube any little expansion in the liquid is readily seen whereas in a large tube expansion is not readily seen. The narrow tube must be initially empty (evacuated). The presence of air trapped in the tube will prevent the full expansion of the liquid when heated.
- Clinical Thermometer:- It is also known as a medical or doctor’s thermometer. The first clinical thermometer was invented by Thomas Clifford Allbutt in 1866. As the name suggests, Clinical thermometers are used for clinical purposes, mainly to measure the human body temperature by doctors.
- Laboratory thermometers: These are not used for clinical purposes because such thermometers read temperatures ranging from -10 °C to 110 °C, which is very high as compared to the human body temperature range. As the name suggests, these thermometers are used in the laboratory to check the boiling and the freezing points of any liquid/ solvent or the temperature of any other object other than the human body.
- Clinical thermometers are meant for measuring human body temperature between 35 °C – 42 °C (or 95 °F – 108 °F), while laboratory thermometers can measure a wider range from -10-110°C.
The most suitable thermometer for measuring the boiling point of water is a Mercury Thermometer or a Laboratory Thermometer. The normal boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F) because this is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of water is 760 mmHg, or 1 atm (14.7 psi).
- Mercury Thermometer: Since mercury has a high boiling point, it can be used for measuring very high temperatures, including the boiling point of water (100°C or 212°F), which falls within its range of −37 to 356 °C (−35 to 673 °F).
- Laboratory Thermometer: Laboratory thermometers can measure temperatures ranging from -10 °C to 110 °C, which includes the boiling point of water (100°C or 212°F).
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